@article{Jarvie_2014, title={THE NEED TO IDENTIFY SYSTEM ARCHETYPES AND LEVERAGE POINTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF AQUIFERS IN THE WATER-ENERGY NEXUS}, volume={1}, url={https://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings57th/article/view/2089}, abstractNote={<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 3;"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">As the world&rsquo;s population approaches the 9 billion mark </span></em><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(</span></span></em><a title="United Nations, 2011 #175" href="#_ENREF_40"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">United Nations, 2011</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">)</span></em><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and the demand for energy increases, increased pressure is being placed on freshwater supplies in the earth&rsquo;s &lsquo;water-energy&rsquo; systems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This paper, based on research for the completion of my doctoral dissertation, studies a number of concerns regarding the contamination and depletion of freshwater aquifers as the energy sector continues to grow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>To address these concerns, this paper proposes that environmental tax policy, and in particular, ecological tax incentives for aquifer protection &ndash; within a socio-ecological systems framework - can play an important role in protecting potable water sources by promoting long-term sustainable practices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 3;"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Daly </span></em><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(</span></span></em><a title="Daly, 1996 #118" href="#_ENREF_9"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1996</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-no-proof: yes;">)</span></em><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> discusses fifteen principles on sustainable development.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Though nearly twenty years old, these principles are as relevant today as they were when they were written &ndash; if not more so, now.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The principles are integrated into a &lsquo;regulatory framework for the protection of aquifers&rsquo; in this study, in an attempt to link existing ideas regarding &lsquo;sustainable development&rsquo; with new ideas formulated using a systems approach.</span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 3;"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The interactions between energy production/usage and potable water supplies is depicted in the paper through a series of systems archetypes, wherein balancing loops are identified as points of leverage for the introduction of ecological tax incentives for aquifer protection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>These points of leverage are then identified within the larger framework, where they will later be tested using primary data from various stakeholders (using a grounded theory methodology) in order to discover a theory and themes on the use of ecological tax incentives for water protection.</span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-outline-level: 3;"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The study takes an interdisciplinary approach to deal with the multi-faceted dilemma facing the water-energy nexus, and the paper explores the situation using theories of complex open-systems, e.g. </em><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(</span></em><a title="Meadows, 2008 #161" href="#_ENREF_24"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Meadows, 2008</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">; </span></em><a title="Senge, 1990 #1" href="#_ENREF_34"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Senge, 1990</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">; </span></em><a title="Sterman, 2000 #11" href="#_ENREF_35"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sterman, 2000</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">; </span></em><a title="von Bertalanffy, 1972 #301" href="#_ENREF_43"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">von Bertalanffy, 1972</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">)</span></em><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, environmental regulations and tax policy, e.g. </em><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(</span></em><a title="Baumol, 1988 #152" href="#_ENREF_3"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Baumol &amp; Oates, 1988</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">; </span></em><a title="DiJohn, 2010 #232" href="#_ENREF_10"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">DiJohn, 2010</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">; </span></em><a title="Fullerton, 2001 #251" href="#_ENREF_12"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fullerton, 2001</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">; </span></em><a title="Gunningham, 2004 #121" href="#_ENREF_17"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gunningham &amp; Grabosky, 2004</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">; </span></em><a title="M&auml;&auml;tt&auml;, 2006 #150" href="#_ENREF_23"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">M&auml;&auml;tt&auml;, 2006</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">; </span></em><a title="Pigou, 2002 #58" href="#_ENREF_30"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pigou, 2002</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">; </span></em><a title="Tinbergen, 1952 #302" href="#_ENREF_36"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tinbergen, 1952</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">)</span></em><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, and resilience, e.g. </em><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(</span></em><a title="Arrow, 1995 #295" href="#_ENREF_1"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Arrow et al., 1995</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">; </span></em><a title="Berkes, 1998 #56" href="#_ENREF_4"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Berkes &amp; Folke, 1998</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">; </span></em><a title="Gunderson, 2010 #17" href="#_ENREF_15"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gunderson, Allen, &amp; Holling, 2010</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">; </span></em><a title="Holling, 1973 #303" href="#_ENREF_22"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Holling, 1973</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">; </span></em><a title="Walker, 2006 #143" href="#_ENREF_44"><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Walker &amp; Salt, 2006</span></em></a><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">)</span></em><em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The paper then concludes with the suggestion that economic/environmental policies based on systems thinking will offer a more sustainable and resilient future for the earth&rsquo;s freshwater supplies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></em></p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} --> <!--[endif] -->}, number={1}, journal={Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the ISSS - 2013 HaiPhong, Vietnam}, author={Jarvie, Deborah Lynn}, year={2014}, month={Apr.} }